Child Support and Work-Oriented Programs
Kenya N. Rahmaan
For those unemployed parents, these job programs are critical in helping to remove barriers that hinder them from finding and maintaining long-term employment. Not to mention, having worked for these individuals can mean the difference between freedom and imprisonment. If the child support system is in operation to truly benefit the children, there needs to be more work-oriented programs for the parents so that they may provide steady and reliable payments. Child support programs have been proven an effective vehicle for programs that assist noncustodial parents in overcoming barriers to economic stability (NCSL, 2014). It is then a wonder why states with hundreds of thousands (two with over a million) child support cases do not offer more work-oriented programs for those struggling noncustodial parents.
New York is the state that has the most assistance for parents reporting 12 programs. Since the state has an open caseload of 920,000, such programs are necessary and critical to parents who have been named in lawsuits for child support by the state or the custodial parents. Two programs are funded by Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) and Federal State Employment Tax (FSET) funds, while the individual counties fund other programs. The Department of Labor or DOL offered a program that provided unemployed noncustodial parents with transitional job placements, case management, and other support services (Office of Child Support Enforcement (OCSE), 2014).
With the country still recovering from the recession, parents faced other factors that prohibited them from finding and keeping employment. The government must offer employment programs to non-residential parents continuously. Unfortunately for parents in Onondaga County, New York, the DOL grant ended on December 31, 2014. There was no mention of the grant being funded in 2015. Still, considering that a New York parent could face up to four years in prison for a nonsupport conviction, the government should always pay for work-oriented programs and make them available for unemployed, low-income parents.
Michigan is a state that proudly posts its arrests of parents who fall behind on child support payments, failing to mention that it offers five work-oriented child support programs for struggling parents. The programs rely on various subsidized sources, including a grant from the Federal Office of Child Support Enforcement (OCSE). However, the award expired in September of last year. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (2014), Michigan reported one of the highest unemployment rates in the country at 6.7% as of November 2014. This unemployment number should mean that the number of programs offered will increase from five to an amount needed to satisfy the demand of unemployed parents actively seeking work.
It is unfortunate that Michigan, along with all other states, criminalizes parents for being low-income and unable to afford outrageous amounts of child support debt. Because of this factor, the four remaining programs Michigan only offers these programs after the court system has become involved with the case. For example, Charlevoix County provides a case manager to assist the parent with managing their case. According to OSCE (2014), a Friend of the Court (FOC) staff member provides:
- Intensive case management.
- Individualized child support services.
- Assessments.
- Job search assistance.
- Referrals to unemployed noncustodial parents who are court-ordered to seek work.
If the parent requests employment services, these essential services should be made available to all parents included in the nearly one million open cases in Michigan. It is absurd to offer parents such a valuable helping hand only after they have been jailed and the court has ordered participation in a jobs program. Early access to these programs could prevent parents from being sentenced to four years in prison after being convicted of refusing to support their children, thus saving the taxpayers money to house a prisoner. Preventative maintenance is key to reducing arrears and improving collection rates. Studies have shown that parents can achieve gainful and long-term employment through these programs.
Florida has an open child support caseload of 854,923 as of May 2014 but only offers one work-oriented child support program for its unemployed noncustodial parents. In Duval and Nassau Counties in Jacksonville, only 282 noncustodial parents were served by the child support programs in 2013. The OSCE (2014) reported that the child support program in the Jacksonville area works with several employment agencies to find jobs for unemployed noncustodial parents. No reports announce the success, but a parent does not have to be court-ordered to receive employment assistance.
Even when considering the declining unemployment rate at a reported 5.8% in November 2014, noncustodial parents still need help when seeking employment. This is especially true since the punishment for failing to provide for dependents is a felony in Florida and can result in up to five years in prison. Even though jailing a person for owing a debt is illegal in the United States, people should be able to rely on help when it relates to securing a job to avoid prison. California and Texas, the states with the most significant number of open child support cases, also fall short in providing substantial assistance for parents when faced with roadblocks to gainful employment. https://bit.ly/3xo0iI7
California reports 1,209,703 open child support cases yet only offers six work-oriented child support programs. With one of the highest unemployment rates in the country at 7.2%, one would think that the number of programs provided would increase since, statistically, most working parents pay child support. Different sources back the programs offered, and the courts maintain few. There is no specific data provided that specify success and failure rates. However, these programs are a necessity in child support enforcement.
Although child support enforcement is arguable and unconstitutional, the government should offer some relief for low-income parents as a form of fairness in the unjust pursuit of collecting money. Additionally, demanding money from people who struggle to provide basic living needs and jailing those who fail to meet those obligations is akin to cruel and unusual punishment. Offering work-oriented programs does not justify the sentences executed against delinquent parents. Still, it can offer a shelter, of sorts, from critics of the child support program. As long as the government can say that something is offered to the poor, the public can never claim that nothing is offered, even when it’s insufficient.
Texas fares no better when allegedly offering employment assistance for their unemployed parents. Currently, Texas has one program funded by TANF and Incentive funds to help parents in 31 counties throughout the state. According to OSCE (2014), NCP Choices provides enhanced child support and compliance monitoring and employment services for noncustodial parents who are unemployed or underemployed and are not compliant with their child support obligations. There are over approximately 1,500,000 open child support cases in Texas, but the program only served a little over 3500 parents in 2013 (OSCE, 2014).
The number of parents with access to the program is just as ridiculous as almost every other aspect of the child support system related to low-income people. To claim that a lack of funds prohibits the government from providing more employment assistance to vulnerable parents would not be a viable excuse when examining the money collected and retained by child support enforcement. According to The Administration of Children & Families (ACF) (2014), Texas reported $18,533 939 in 2013 in undistributed child support collections and $88,239,793 for the past five years. The state adds money to future budgets that would be better-utilized funding programs that assist parents in finding employment.
Texas also reported its state and federal shares of child support collections at $17,767,696 and $16,025,140, respectively, in 2013 (ACF, 2014). Diverting this money from costs associated with posting pictures of delinquent parents, ‘deadbeat’ roundups, and housing prisoners to job programs for the less fortunate parents constantly funneled through the family court system due to nonpayment of child support. We must acknowledge, often and loudly, that incarcerating people for owing a debt is an actual crime, and the targets are low-income and poor people. Child support debt continues to balloon because of double-digit interest rates, fines, and penalties associated with late child support payments. Yet, there are very few programs available to meet the demands of unemployed parents.
The cold hard truth is that the government, county, state, and federal care nothing about the welfare of low-income children or families. If the government cared, children would be the actual beneficiaries of all money collected on their behalf, instead of what the government deems acceptable. The work-oriented child support programs seem more of an afterthought designed to appease the opposition when citizens ask questions about the treatment of parents and children and start feeling unsettled about how parents are treated while trapped in The Child Support Hustle. The noncustodial parents must be provided the means to pay support once the judgment has been rendered or face a lifetime of debt and a revolving prison door.
Again, I say that the child support system in America is unfair, at least, and unconstitutional, at best, and needs desperately to be reformed. Offering punishments with no means of defense is worse than sentencing a person to prison with legal representation. Unfortunately, both situations apply to low-income parents as they are consumed by the child support agencies and court systems, not to mention the debt they are supposed to repay with little to no money. Before all parents are victims of modern-day slavery, something must change through the child support system.
References:
National Conference of State Legislatures. (2014, June 20). Work-Oriented child support programs. Retrieved from http://www.ncsl.org/research/human-services/work-oriented-child-support-programs.aspx
The Administration of Children & Families. (2014, April 1). FY2013 Preliminary report – Table P-16 | Office of child support enforcement | Administration for children and families. Retrieved from http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/css/resource/fy2013-preliminary-report-table-p-16
Office of the Child Support Enforcement. (2014, February). Work-oriented programs for noncustodial parents | Office of child support enforcement | Administration for children and families. Retrieved from http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/css/resource/work-oriented-programs-for-noncustodial-parents-with-active-child-support
The Administration for Children & Families. (2014, April 1). FY2013 Preliminary report – Table P-14 | Office of child support enforcement | Administration for children and families. Retrieved December 10, 2014, from http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/css/resource/fy2013-preliminary-report-table-p-14
The Administration of Children & Families. (2014, April 1). FY2013 Preliminary report – Table P-15 | Office of child support enforcement | Administration for children and families. Retrieved December 10, 2014, from http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/css/resource/fy2013-preliminary-report-table-p-15
United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2014, November). Unemployment rates for States. Retrieved from http://www.bls.gov/web/laus/laumstrk.htm
Child Support and Work-Oriented Programs
Kenya N. Rahmaan
For those unemployed parents, these job programs are critical in helping to remove barriers that hinder them from finding and maintaining long-term employment. Not to mention, having worked for these individuals can mean the difference between freedom and imprisonment. If the child support system is in operation to truly benefit the children, there needs to be more work-oriented programs for the parents so that they may provide steady and reliable payments. Child support programs have been proven an effective vehicle for programs that assist noncustodial parents in overcoming barriers to economic stability (NCSL, 2014). It is then a wonder why states with hundreds of thousands (two with over a million) child support cases do not offer more work-oriented programs for those struggling noncustodial parents.
New York is the state that has the most assistance for parents reporting 12 programs. Since the state has an open caseload of 920,000, such programs are necessary and critical to parents who have been named in lawsuits for child support by the state or the custodial parents. Two programs are funded by Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) and Federal State Employment Tax (FSET) funds, while the individual counties fund other programs. The Department of Labor or DOL offered a program that provided unemployed noncustodial parents with transitional job placements, case management, and other support services (Office of Child Support Enforcement (OCSE), 2014).
With the country still recovering from the recession, parents faced other factors that prohibited them from finding and keeping employment. The government must offer employment programs to non-residential parents continuously. Unfortunately for parents in Onondaga County, New York, the DOL grant ended on December 31, 2014. There was no mention of the grant being funded in 2015. Still, considering that a New York parent could face up to four years in prison for a nonsupport conviction, the government should always pay for work-oriented programs and make them available for unemployed, low-income parents.
Michigan is a state that proudly posts its arrests of parents who fall behind on child support payments, failing to mention that it offers five work-oriented child support programs for struggling parents. The programs rely on various subsidized sources, including a grant from the Federal Office of Child Support Enforcement (OCSE). However, the award expired in September of last year. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (2014), Michigan reported one of the highest unemployment rates in the country at 6.7% as of November 2014. This unemployment number should mean that the number of programs offered will increase from five to an amount needed to satisfy the demand of unemployed parents actively seeking work.
It is unfortunate that Michigan, along with all other states, criminalizes parents for being low-income and unable to afford outrageous amounts of child support debt. Because of this factor, the four remaining programs Michigan only offers these programs after the court system has become involved with the case. For example, Charlevoix County provides a case manager to assist the parent with managing their case. According to OSCE (2014), a Friend of the Court (FOC) staff member provides:
- Intensive case management.
- Individualized child support services.
- Assessments.
- Job search assistance.
- Referrals to unemployed noncustodial parents who are court-ordered to seek work.
If the parent requests employment services, these essential services should be made available to all parents included in the nearly one million open cases in Michigan. It is absurd to offer parents such a valuable helping hand only after they have been jailed and the court has ordered participation in a jobs program. Early access to these programs could prevent parents from being sentenced to four years in prison after being convicted of refusing to support their children, thus saving the taxpayers money to house a prisoner. Preventative maintenance is key to reducing arrears and improving collection rates. Studies have shown that parents can achieve gainful and long-term employment through these programs.
Florida has an open child support caseload of 854,923 as of May 2014 but only offers one work-oriented child support program for its unemployed noncustodial parents. In Duval and Nassau Counties in Jacksonville, only 282 noncustodial parents were served by the child support programs in 2013. The OSCE (2014) reported that the child support program in the Jacksonville area works with several employment agencies to find jobs for unemployed noncustodial parents. No reports announce the success, but a parent does not have to be court-ordered to receive employment assistance.
Even when considering the declining unemployment rate at a reported 5.8% in November 2014, noncustodial parents still need help when seeking employment. This is especially true since the punishment for failing to provide for dependents is a felony in Florida and can result in up to five years in prison. Even though jailing a person for owing a debt is illegal in the United States, people should be able to rely on help when it relates to securing a job to avoid prison. California and Texas, the states with the most significant number of open child support cases, also fall short in providing substantial assistance for parents when faced with roadblocks to gainful employment. https://bit.ly/3xo0iI7
California reports 1,209,703 open child support cases yet only offers six work-oriented child support programs. With one of the highest unemployment rates in the country at 7.2%, one would think that the number of programs provided would increase since, statistically, most working parents pay child support. Different sources back the programs offered, and the courts maintain few. There is no specific data provided that specify success and failure rates. However, these programs are a necessity in child support enforcement.
Although child support enforcement is arguable and unconstitutional, the government should offer some relief for low-income parents as a form of fairness in the unjust pursuit of collecting money. Additionally, demanding money from people who struggle to provide basic living needs and jailing those who fail to meet those obligations is akin to cruel and unusual punishment. Offering work-oriented programs does not justify the sentences executed against delinquent parents. Still, it can offer a shelter, of sorts, from critics of the child support program. As long as the government can say that something is offered to the poor, the public can never claim that nothing is offered, even when it’s insufficient.
Texas fares no better when allegedly offering employment assistance for their unemployed parents. Currently, Texas has one program funded by TANF and Incentive funds to help parents in 31 counties throughout the state. According to OSCE (2014), NCP Choices provides enhanced child support and compliance monitoring and employment services for noncustodial parents who are unemployed or underemployed and are not compliant with their child support obligations. There are over approximately 1,500,000 open child support cases in Texas, but the program only served a little over 3500 parents in 2013 (OSCE, 2014).
The number of parents with access to the program is just as ridiculous as almost every other aspect of the child support system related to low-income people. To claim that a lack of funds prohibits the government from providing more employment assistance to vulnerable parents would not be a viable excuse when examining the money collected and retained by child support enforcement. According to The Administration of Children & Families (ACF) (2014), Texas reported $18,533 939 in 2013 in undistributed child support collections and $88,239,793 for the past five years. The state adds money to future budgets that would be better-utilized funding programs that assist parents in finding employment.
Texas also reported its state and federal shares of child support collections at $17,767,696 and $16,025,140, respectively, in 2013 (ACF, 2014). Diverting this money from costs associated with posting pictures of delinquent parents, ‘deadbeat’ roundups, and housing prisoners to job programs for the less fortunate parents constantly funneled through the family court system due to nonpayment of child support. We must acknowledge, often and loudly, that incarcerating people for owing a debt is an actual crime, and the targets are low-income and poor people. Child support debt continues to balloon because of double-digit interest rates, fines, and penalties associated with late child support payments. Yet, there are very few programs available to meet the demands of unemployed parents.
The cold hard truth is that the government, county, state, and federal care nothing about the welfare of low-income children or families. If the government cared, children would be the actual beneficiaries of all money collected on their behalf, instead of what the government deems acceptable. The work-oriented child support programs seem more of an afterthought designed to appease the opposition when citizens ask questions about the treatment of parents and children and start feeling unsettled about how parents are treated while trapped in The Child Support Hustle. The noncustodial parents must be provided the means to pay support once the judgment has been rendered or face a lifetime of debt and a revolving prison door.
Again, I say that the child support system in America is unfair, at least, and unconstitutional, at best, and needs desperately to be reformed. Offering punishments with no means of defense is worse than sentencing a person to prison with legal representation. Unfortunately, both situations apply to low-income parents as they are consumed by the child support agencies and court systems, not to mention the debt they are supposed to repay with little to no money. Before all parents are victims of modern-day slavery, something must change through the child support system.
References:
National Conference of State Legislatures. (2014, June 20). Work-Oriented child support programs. Retrieved from http://www.ncsl.org/research/human-services/work-oriented-child-support-programs.aspx
The Administration of Children & Families. (2014, April 1). FY2013 Preliminary report – Table P-16 | Office of child support enforcement | Administration for children and families. Retrieved from http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/css/resource/fy2013-preliminary-report-table-p-16
Office of the Child Support Enforcement. (2014, February). Work-oriented programs for noncustodial parents | Office of child support enforcement | Administration for children and families. Retrieved from http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/css/resource/work-oriented-programs-for-noncustodial-parents-with-active-child-support
The Administration for Children & Families. (2014, April 1). FY2013 Preliminary report – Table P-14 | Office of child support enforcement | Administration for children and families. Retrieved December 10, 2014, from http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/css/resource/fy2013-preliminary-report-table-p-14
The Administration of Children & Families. (2014, April 1). FY2013 Preliminary report – Table P-15 | Office of child support enforcement | Administration for children and families. Retrieved December 10, 2014, from http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/css/resource/fy2013-preliminary-report-table-p-15
United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2014, November). Unemployment rates for States. Retrieved from http://www.bls.gov/web/laus/laumstrk.htm
Child Support and Work Oriented Programs
Kenya N. Rahmaan
There are endless news reports concerning ‘deadbeat’ roundups and proposals for stricter child support legislation to increase child support collections. However, a lack of information promotes the limited number of work-oriented programs offered to noncustodial parents across the country. While most states only offer one or two programs for noncustodial parents, others offer multiple programs in several counties. According to the National Conference of State Legislatures or NCSL (2014), as of February 2014, 30 states and the District of Columbia are operating 77 work-oriented child support programs. The number of programs is insufficient, considering that there are 15,588,775 total open child support cases nationwide, and parents hold most child support debt with low or no income.
For those unemployed parents, these job programs are critical in helping to remove barriers that hinder them from finding and maintaining long-term employment. Not to mention, having worked for these individuals can mean the difference between freedom and imprisonment. If the child support system is in operation to truly benefit the children, there need to be more work-oriented programs for the parents so that they may provide steady and reliable payments. Child support programs have been proven an effective vehicle for programs that assist noncustodial parents in overcoming barriers to economic stability (NCSL, 2014). It is then a wonder why states with hundreds of thousands (two with over a million) child support cases do not offer more work-oriented programs for those struggling noncustodial parents.
New York is the state that has the most assistance for parents reporting 12 programs. Since the state has an open caseload of 920,000, such programs are necessary and critical to parents who have been named in lawsuits for child support by the state or the custodial parents. Two programs are funded by Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) and Federal State Employment Tax (FSET) funds, while the individual counties funds other programs. The Department of Labor or DOL offered a program that provided unemployed noncustodial parents with transitional job placements, case management, and other support services (Office of Child Support Enforcement (OCSE), 2014).
With the country still recovering from the recession, parents faced other factors that prohibited them from finding and keeping employment. The government must offer employment programs to non-residential parents continuously. Unfortunately for parents in Onondaga County, New York, the DOL grant ended on December 31, 2014. There was no mention of the grant being funded in 2015. Still, considering that a New York parent could face up to four years in prison for a nonsupport conviction, the government should always pay for work-oriented programs and make them available for unemployed, low-income parents.
Michigan is a state that proudly posts its arrests of parents that fall behind on child support payments, failing to mention that it offers five work-oriented child support programs for struggling parents. The programs rely on various subsidized sources, including a grant from the Federal Office of Child Support Enforcement (OCSE). However, the award expired in September of last year. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (2014), Michigan reported one of the highest unemployment rates in the country at 6.7% as of November 2014. This unemployment number should mean that the number of programs offered will increase from five to an amount needed to satisfy the demand of unemployed parents actively seeking work.
It is unfortunate that Michigan, along with all other states, criminalizes parents for being low-income and unable to afford outrageous amounts of child support debt. Because of this factor, the four remaining programs Michigan only offers these programs after the court system has become involved with the case. For example, Charlevoix County provides a case manager to assist the parent with managing their case. According to OSCE (2014), a Friend of the Court (FOC) staff member provides:
- Intensive case management.
- Individualized child support services.
- Assessments.
- Job search assistance.
- Referrals to unemployed noncustodial parents who are court-ordered to seek work.
If the parent requests employment services, these essential services should be made available to all parents included in the nearly one million open cases in Michigan. It is absurd to offer parents such a valuable helping hand only after they have been jailed and the court has ordered participation in a jobs program. Early access to these programs could prevent parents from being sentenced to four years in prison after being convicted of refusing to support their children, thus, saving the taxpayers money to house a prisoner. Preventative maintenance is key to reducing arrears and improving collection rates. Studies have shown that parents can achieve gainful and long-term employment through these programs.
Florida has an open child support caseload of 854,923 as of May 2014 but only offers one work-oriented child support program for its unemployed noncustodial parents. In Duval and Nassau Counties in Jacksonville, only 282 noncustodial parents were served by the child support programs in 2013. The OSCE (2014) reported that the child support program in the Jacksonville area works with several employment agencies to find jobs for unemployed noncustodial parents. No reports announce the success, but a parent does not have to be court-ordered to receive employment assistance.
Even when considering the declining unemployment rate at a reported 5.8% in November 2014, noncustodial parents still need help when seeking employment. This, especially since the punishment for failing to provide for dependents is a felony in Florida and can result in up to five years in prison. Even though jailing a person for owing a debt is illegal in the United States, people should be able to rely on help when it relates to securing a job to avoid prison. California and Texas, the states with the most significant number of open child support cases, also fall short in providing substantial assistance for parents when faced with roadblocks to gainful employment. https://bit.ly/3xo0iI7
California reports 1,209,703 open child support cases yet only offers six work-oriented child support programs. With one of the highest unemployment rates in the country at 7.2%, one would think that the number of programs provided would increase since, statistically, most working parents pay child support. Different sources back the programs offered, and the courts maintain few. There is no specific data provided that specify success and failure rates. However, these programs are a necessity in child support enforcement.
Although child support enforcement is arguable and unconstitutional, the government should offer some relief for low-income parents as a form of fairness in the unjust pursuit of collecting money. Additionally, demanding money from people who struggle to provide basic living needs and jailing those who fail to meet those obligations is akin to cruel and unusual punishment. Offering work-oriented programs does not justify the sentences executed against delinquent parents. Still, it can offer a shelter, of sorts, from critics of the child support program. As long as the government can say that something is offered to the poor, the public can never claim that nothing is offered, even when it’s insufficient.
Texas fares no better when allegedly offering employment assistance for their unemployed parents. Currently, Texas has one program funded by TANF and Incentive funds to help parents in 31 counties throughout the state. According to OSCE (2014), NCP Choices provides enhanced child support and compliance monitoring and employment services for noncustodial parents who are unemployed or underemployed and are not compliant with their child support obligations. There are over approximately 1,500,000 open child support cases in Texas, but the program only served a little over 3500 parents in 2013 (OSCE, 2014).
The number of parents with access to the program is just as ridiculous as almost every other aspect of the child support system related to low-income people. To claim that a lack of funds prohibits the government from providing more employment assistance to vulnerable parents would not be a viable excuse when examining the money collected and retained by child support enforcement. According to The Administration of Children & Families (ACF) (2014), Texas reported $18,533 939 in 2013 in undistributed child support collections and $88,239,793 for the past five years. The state adds money to future budgets that would be better-utilized funding programs that assist parents in finding employment.
Texas also reported its state and federal shares of child support collections at $17,767,696 and $16,025,140, respectively, in 2013 (ACF, 2014). Diverting this money from costs associated with posting pictures of delinquent parents, ‘deadbeat’ roundups, and housing prisoners to job programs for the less fortunate parents constantly funneled through the family court system due to nonpayment of child support. We must acknowledge, often and loudly, that incarcerating people for owing a debt is an actual crime, and the targets are low-income and poor people. Child support debt continues to balloon because of double-digit interest rates, fines, and penalties associated with late child support payments. Yet, there are very few programs available to meet the demands of unemployed parents.
The cold hard truth is that the government, county, state, and federal care nothing about the welfare of low-income children or families. If the government cared, children would be the actual beneficiaries of all money collected on their behalf, instead of what the government deems acceptable. The work-oriented child support programs seem more of an afterthought designed to appease the opposition when citizens ask questions about the treatment of parents and children and start feeling unsettled about how parents are treated while trapped in The Child Support Hustle. The noncustodial parents must be provided the means to pay support once the judgment has been rendered or face a lifetime of debt and a revolving prison door.
Again, I say that the child support system in America is unfair, at least, and unconstitutional, at best, and needs desperately to be reformed. Offering punishments with no means of defense is worse than sentencing a person to prison with legal representation. Unfortunately, both situations apply to low-income parents as they are consumed by the child support agencies and court systems, not to mention the debt they are supposed to repay with little to no money. Before all parents are victims of modern-day slavery, something must change through the child support system.
References:
National Conference of State Legislatures. (2014, June 20). Work-Oriented child support programs. Retrieved from http://www.ncsl.org/research/human-services/work-oriented-child-support-programs.aspx
The Administration of Children & Families. (2014, April 1). FY2013 Preliminary report – Table P-16 | Office of child support enforcement | Administration for children and families. Retrieved from http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/css/resource/fy2013-preliminary-report-table-p-16
Office of the Child Support Enforcement. (2014, February). Work-oriented programs for noncustodial parents | Office of child support enforcement | Administration for children and families. Retrieved from http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/css/resource/work-oriented-programs-for-noncustodial-parents-with-active-child-support
The Administration for Children & Families. (2014, April 1). FY2013 Preliminary report – Table P-14 | Office of child support enforcement | Administration for children and families. Retrieved December 10, 2014, from http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/css/resource/fy2013-preliminary-report-table-p-14
The Administration of Children & Families. (2014, April 1). FY2013 Preliminary report – Table P-15 | Office of child support enforcement | Administration for children and families. Retrieved December 10, 2014, from http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/css/resource/fy2013-preliminary-report-table-p-15
United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2014, November). Unemployment rates for States. Retrieved from http://www.bls.gov/web/laus/laumstrk.htm